Which of the following is NOT an example of malicious software?

The correct answer is "Application" because an application is generally a software program designed to perform specific tasks or provide functionality to users, such as word processing or web browsing. Unlike malicious software, which is created with the intent to harm, exploit, or deceive users, an application is intended to be beneficial and assist users in completing their tasks.

Spyware, ransomware, and phishing, on the other hand, are all forms of malicious activities. Spyware is designed to secretly collect user information without consent, often leading to privacy violations. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom payment for the decryption key, which can lead to significant data loss. Phishing typically involves fraudulent communications, often through email, intending to trick individuals into providing sensitive information, such as passwords or credit card numbers. These examples all share the common trait of harmful intent, setting them apart from a standard application.